Review Notes

Today we went over the same slideshow we did yesterday. I took all my notes yesterday and wrote them all down. The ones I put down already were the ones Mr. Schick said would be on the test. I have to read over my notes and review them a couple times and really try to understand it, and I think I will be ready for this test.

• Feudalism

 -a term used by historians to describe the governmental system and the relationships between landowners and warriors
-warriors also known as knights, would pledge his allegiance to the lord, who would in turn give that knight land
-The lord grants a fief(property) to the knight who would then become the lords "vassal"(servant) this was called the "feudal compact"

• Homeage and Knighthood

-the vassal would have to pay Homeage this meant kneeling down an taking the lords hand in his while speaking an oath of loyalty
-when knight died his fief reverts to his son, though if the son was underage or if it was a girl, the lord would get the land

• The Feudalization of the church

-Some of the clergy (priests) were known to fight as knights themselves
Feudal States
-Barons were lords to large areas of land
-In countries like France and England, the kings built up enough land and power to rule effectively over their barons
-In the case of France, the kings of England were vassals of the French King, their fiefs included Gascony, Aquitaine, and Normandy

• The Manorial Estate

-The medieval society was divided into three "estates" the clergy, the nobility, and the common people
-Usually the peasantry farmed and large plantations known as "manors" which were owned by a lord or lady of the nobility (or member of a clergy)
-Iron plows and water-powered grinding mills helped with agricultural production, but the yield was still minuscule by today's standards

• The People of the Manor

- The lady of the house ran the household operations, oversaw servants, entertained guests and ran the manor when her husband was away
-most peasants were serfs, meaning they were bound to the land and to their lords for "labor service" a few days each week

• The Location and appearance of towns

-Most medieval towns were surrounded by fortified walls
-residences also sprang up outside the walls in the suburbs
-towns were dominated by a main church and central marketplace
-buildings for the craft guilds and the wealthiest families would also be in the center of the town

• Life of townspeople

-Though the townspeople were free, unlike the serfs, they still had a hierarchy:merchants at the top, then skilled craftsmen and artisans, then unskilled laborers and apprentices

• The guilds

-Merchants, craftsmen and artisans formed their own groups called guilds which regulated their trade and protected its members

-craftsmen were classified as masters, journeymen, and apprentices

Sick

Today i was not in school because i didn't feel good, i will be texting mikhenize and getting all the notes I missed from her!

After Rome 500-700 AD

Germanic Kingdoms of Western Europe

The Germanic Barbarians
* barbarian warlords and their families who assimilated into Roman culture became the "nobles" or aristocrats of medieval Europe
*Germanic tribes who ruled former Roman lands sought to conquer and assimilate other barbarian peoples who lived  beyond the frontiers and were still pagans
more Germanic Kingdoms...
*The angles and Saxons (from Denmark and northwestern Germany) invaded Britain and assimilated the native Britons
*Most of the Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity in the seventh century
*The most powerful Germanic tribe was the Franks
*but the real power lay with the "mayors of the palace" who were royal officials and nobles themselves

Meanwhile back in the Eastern Europe...
From "eastern empire" to "Byzantium"
*The Eastern Roman Empire continued on while the west was now divided up by the barbarian tribes
*When the emperor Justinian came to power in 527 he decided to reunite the entire Roman Empire by reconquering the western territories
*Justinian succeeded for a time, but the land he re-took was soon conquered by new barbarian tries and massive plague

Its a christian empire now
*Greek Byzantine emperors saw themselves as Roman emperors and the heads of the Christian Church
*Byzantines preserved Greco-Roman art, architecture, philosophy, and writing despite much of it being non-christian
*Justinian built the massive domed Hagia Sophia ("Holy Wisdom") in Constantinople considered to be the most glorious church on the earth at the time

Rome Fades Away

*The last two Emperors were Diocletian and Constantine under Diocletian it was okay to persecute Christians and 400,000 army and 20,000 officials and then under Constantine it was okay to be a Christian
*Constantine built a new capital in the east another name was "Byzantium", soon to be known as Constantinople
*Life in the fourth century (stuggle for peasants)

• - country dwellers are getting bankrupted for endless tax collection
• - new farming system; peasants work for elite landlords on large farms
• - peasants can avoid paying taxes, but they are getting just as hard by the landlords
• -paying off debts and being "allowed" to live on the land, in exchange for endless back-breaking work(such a deal)
• - landowners hold local power as counts and bishops, wielding more power than faraway empire
• -foreshadowing feudalism

*The western Empire crumbles

• -Romes power is decreasing, while nomadic barbarians gain power
• -Western Empire is too poor, beings to be neglected
• -Huns migrate from China to eastern Europe
• -Visigoths take over Spain, and actually capture and loot Rome itself in 410
• -Vandals control Carthage and western Mediterranean

Other barbarian tribes

• -Ostrogoths in Italy
• -Franks in Gual
• -Angles and Saxons in Britian

End of Era

From the beginnings....

500 BC-the monarchy is established

450 BC- The Twelve Tables are established

Through the glory days....

44 BC- end of the line for Julius Caesar

27 BC- 180 AD- The roman peace (Pax Romana)

To the bitter end....

Constant fifth century invasions by barbarian tribes left the western Roman Empire shattered and crumbling

The last emperor was a teenager boy installed in 475 by his father

Barbarians disposed Romulus Augustulus without bothering to kill him

Europe takes shape

*By 700 A.D. the kingdom of the Franks, once the most powerful state in western Europe, was seemingly falling apart. It was divided among rival kings of the Merovingian dynasty, each controlled by a "mayor of the palace" or head of the royal household
* Carolingian- Frankish dynasty founded by Charles Martel in the eighth century, as successors to the Merovingian
* Not long after Charles took power, he faced a historic challenge- and historic opportunity  when Arab invaders from Spain took over some of the kingdoms southern borderlands.
* Charlemagne- Descendant of Frankish barbarian invaders, warrior against heathens and Muslims, and holder of the revived office emperor, Charlemagne personified the merging of Germanic Christian, and Roman elements in the western European civilization.
*His hardest campaigns which some lasted thirty years, were against the Saxons.
*In the far south he hat attacked the nomadic nation of the A vars who had invaded central and eastern Europe in the sixth century
*As a christian ruler, he helped to strengthen the leadership of the Church and extend its activities
*He governed in local officials called counts- which was a local official who represented the crown in a given region presiding over the local court collecting fines, in the time of war, calling out warriors of the country.
*Some groups were separated and then lead by a duke- a royal official in charge of several counties came to be a hereditary title.
*Charlemagne made his capital at Aachen which was surrounded by a productive crown lands in the heart of the ancient Frankish territories.
*His palace chapel was the first important stone building to be made north of the Alps after the fall of Rome  it itself indicates the slow recovery of the West.
*Charlemagne was also concerned over the low level of education and scholarship in his realm and issued a decree instructing bishops and abbots to improve the training of clergy.
*The most dramatic eve of Charlemagne's rule was his coronation as "Charles Augustus, Emperor of the Romans" this event took place on Christmas day.

test tomorrow

Today we made up questions that would go on a test and Kenz and I wrote really bad questions on word. But we also copied as we went along to what everyone was saying. I am going to review all my blogs with notes from class and make sure everything is right. Hopefully I bring my grade up too!

Notes on Class

Diocletian-
The edicts were burned scripture and stealing of things
Christians were allowed to go to court and argue about there lost things
the second edict in the summer or 303 he ordered arrest of the Bishop and he said he did it because the first edict wasn't working as quickly, and by that he means trying to remove Christianity wasn't happening as quickly as he thought.
The third one was November 20th  and any priests couldn't make a sacrifice
in 304 all people to father in a public place everyone had to make a sacrifice and if you didn't you would get executed. they are sacrificing to Jupiter.
what he did with his power was: the edicts ordered destruction of scriptures and forced them not to go to worship
they striped a christian, whipped him till bleeding, vinegar and an then boiled alive because he was an innocent christian
they were torturing people in plain site and it was all ordered by an emperor.

This is why it was such a big deal of what Constantine did:

Constantine-
His dad didn't enforce the edicts and were both against persecution of Christians
He returned the churches and property to the christian
He was first roman empire to transfer to Christianity
He said everyone had to be treated equally
He made a law so that Jews couldn't have christian slaves
The event that made Constantine not persecute the Christians was that he genially believed the dogma Christianity which is a statement of belief, before a large battle he turned to god to help him and he had a vision of a cross above the sun with it saying "conquer by this" engraved across the sun, his mother was also a christian and he knew the roman gods have let him down before and same with the oracle
The soldiers saw it too, so they all got together an painted a cross on their shields and prayed and then went into battle and won
He went on to tell that the "christian god helped them win that battle"

Edict of Mulan-
he had become a christian but it made any religion excepted, there was no official roman religion at this point
If you wanted to worship in your own way you could
The Jews couldn't have christian slaves, and if you had your land taken away, it got returned to you without paying for it
They rebuilt the churches and everything, they made an effort to give back and right their wrongs
an Edict: an official law or proclaimed handed down from the emperor.

struggles in roman empire after pax romana

In the third century AD
*epidemic disease spreads throughout the Empire
*its too hard to defend the frontier against the barbarians
*emperors began to lose their hold on power- stayed in power for an average of two and a half years, due to wars an assassination
*maintaining armies is expensive
*still to many poverty-stricken citizens
*284 AD-Diocletian reforms
*increase the size of the army to 400,000
is one third bigger during Augustus time
*recruit from the ranks of the barbarians
*divide Roman territories into smaller provinces
-this new government had 20,000 officials- ten times more than under Augustus rule
-they were more efficient at collecting high taxes- this greater yield provided for a larger army
300 AD:
- 60 million people in the Roman empire
-several million are Christians
-Christianity has quite an appeal to the poor an disenfranchised- and there are plenty of those
-more Christians are even gaining positions of power, becoming the ruling elite
-Diocletian ruled from 284-305 and left the Christians alone at first
-then he undertook the most systematic persecution of all
-Constantine ruled as emperor from 306-337
-The Roman empire still persecuted people because they are still in conflict with the official empire position.

Answers to questions:
What persecution did Diocletian take?
- About 3000-4000 Christians were killed and thousands more were tortured. he burned several chrurches to the ground
What did he do to change the Roman Empire?
- the structure of the roman imperial government and helped stabilize the empire ecinomicaly  and military enabling the empire to remain essentially intact for another hundred years despite being they being of collapsible in Diocletian youth

what was the connection with christianity with constatine?
-He ultimately gave Christianity political and social legitimacy in the Roman Empire, thus allowing the young religion to establish itself, obtain powerful patrons, and ultimately dominate the Western world.

How did he restructure the empire?
-he made Christianity the roman religion, a
-which united the Romans more than the attempts to unite under the pagan gods

1. -he changed the capital of the Greek city to Byzantium

Christianity in the Pax Romana

*it all begins with Jesus, and not much was written down about him except from in the Gospel
* he taught that one must strive for perfection since God was perfect, and Jesus sough out the imperfect society
* he was just a wandering teacher who set himself apart from other Messiahs
*his followers believed he was the Messiah and came to end the world and bring the truly faithful into the kingdom of God.
*he was both man and son of God
*Jesus was deemed a threat to Roman rule an was crucified though his followers believed he rose from the dead and ascended to heaven
*The followers of Jesus who attempted to spread the word of his teachings were known as apostles
*Paul of Tarsus was a Jew who came a follower of Jesus after a miraculous vision on the road to Damascus
*Paul talked of "predestination" which meant that God chose who was to be saved and who was to be dammed
*Paul was well-traveled, he helped found churches in many places, and he kept in touch with these new Christians by letters (Corinth, Thessalonia, Rome, Ephesus)
*

Test and Notes

Today we took a test and I did not know that we were going to be having one, but I looked over the notes and the powerpoint last mintue and it actally helped me a lot because it was easier to remember real quickly then having to go over and over it for a whole weekend. Our new assignment is to read LO2 on Christianity in the Era of Roman peace. So far in the first paragraph or second it pretty much says that in the time of A.D. 70 Jesus lived and taught his ministry. Most likely the gospel writers retold stories about Jesus that they found in earilr documents, or had come down to them by word of mouth. They never put down any specific details about Jesus life and he had some brief years when he was wandering preaching in Judaea. They needed to put down some details to show Jesus in two roles: as teacher explaining Gods purposes and as Messiah sent by God.
The Teacher Role: The teachings about this time showed that Jesus had much more in common with the actual teachers of the time. Jesus would follow the law like the rest of the people, but like Pharisees too, he appealed to a long-standing Jewish tradition of warning that true righteousness meant more than just obeying the strict ritual commands of the Law. Jesus taught that even the most faithful righteousness according to the Law fell far short of what was necessary to please God. Exactly because of this Jesus made a point of associating with people whom sticklers for the Law thought of as a highly displeasing to God- "prostitution and tax collectors, and sinners." For Jesus biggest difference with the Pharisees  as the gospel describes it, was that, like the radical Jewish groups, he proclaimed that the "Kingdom of God has come near"- in fact that with himself it had already arrived.
The Messiah Role: Jesus had not come to deliver just the Jews, but to fulfill the traditional prophecy that the whole human race will turn to the one God. He will redeem his people, Jew and Gentile, not as a warrior king but as a victim by offering himself for one of the traditional purposes of sacrifice  to reconcile sinful humans with the divine power that they displeased. In the gospels he seems to be saying that he is both human and divine, that he and God are somehow different but yet the same. For the followers the age of the Messiah had already begun when the Gentiles would finally turn to the God of Israel  and they saw themselves as the Messiahs apostles sent out by him to fulfill his command "Go into all the world and proclaim the good news to the whole creation."

Within the earliest churches there was no real structure of authority and power. Alongside these "house churches" leaders however there was room for many other who claimed special "gifts" from the Holy Spirit such was prophets who gave guidance directly from God and deacons from the Greek servants who organized festivities and helped the poor and sick. After Paul died and was probably beheaded for being a Jewish troublemaker his vision of "all in one of Christ Jesus" started to fade away. For Christians the human race was now divided into three groups: The Jews, Gods former chosen people, The Gentiles, a word that christian still often used to describe worshipers of the Gods and Goddesses and themselves who were Gentiles no longer but Gods new chosen people.

Today

Today me and my partner worked on our essay. We are already at 630 words and almost done. We will put it on a google docx after school so that we can both work on it this weekend and finish it. I will print it Monday morning before class and then we will be done!

Sick

Today I didn't come to school because I wasn't feeling well this morning when i woke up. I will be getting the notes I missed from McKenzie when i get back!

Notes on Video

Tiberius got married to a women through an arranged marriage to bring to families together. They ended up killing Tiberius because they thought that he was trying to become king. He wanted to give the power to the people and the Senate thought that he wanted all the power for himself. I think that he was really trying to give the power to the people, and the only reason he wanted to try again to be tribune was to not die. They ended up getting him and beating him to death, and then throwing his body into the Tiber River. Rome did not want to give all the power to one person, and it was such a  big Republic they thought if one person had that much power that it would go to their head. The Senate was filled with a bunch of guys who were spreading lies about Tiberius and would make up rumors saying that he was going to take over. I think at some point Tiberius at one point of him getting power he wanted more power than he was actually entitled too, like him trying to get himself re-elected for more than one term even though it is against the law. You could look at it two different ways and think that he was doing it completely for the people, or you could think that he was trying to get all the power for himself, and claim himself king.

Video

Today we watched a video on a boy who always had to live up to his father. But when it came time for this man to save a bunch of his soldiers the senate got mad at him. He didnt like the way the rich people were treating the poor people and he was much more sympathetic. which made him more likable by the normal people. I like the videos and they are helping me to understand more, I want us to keep watching them and finish them because it is really helping me.

Friday

Friday all we did was get back our tests an go over it. My one problem was that I mostly studied the song and not a lot of the other notes and that's what threw me off. Next time we have a test I need to make sure I review all the notes and not just some of them.

LO-3

The overthrow of the Republic: The people who were in charge decided that the common people should have no rights. As a result of that the Romes city state government system gradually broke down and a universal monarchy replaced it like those that ruled every other vast empire. Today we had a test and a lot of it didnt come from the video we all made, and I thought it would be so i studied the video, and i think i failed the quest.

Class discussion and Video

The last thing we left off with yesterday was the brothers and the people not wanting the senate to attack them. The conflict was between the big Roman Empire, and the Carthage Empire. Carthage had become oligarchic, about 700 B.C. It had become a republic. The Carthage had interest in Sicily, which is what caused the conflict as well. The command of the whole western Mediterranean  was the big demand. In the first days Rome forced Carthage out of Sicily. But Carthage kept the rest of their empire. In the second war, the Carthage general (Hannibal)  invaded Italy, he almost won, but the loyalty and the greater man power Rome gathered more people to fight and enabled Carthage to win. Rome feared a Carthagenan Rival and Rome started the fight this time, Romans went to Carthage and they destroyed everything. The people were to be sold into slavery and the empire to be destroyed. And this was the last and final third Punic War.

Video

Today my group presented our video and I really think we should get a ten because it took us everyday after school for us to get together to do it, the Friday we had off for me to complete all the pictures with it, also every time I wanted to add another picture and time it right with the song, I had to start it completely over because it was messed up. I could recite the song in my sleep I heard it so many times. Its a good study guide though, and after the groups presented the videos we went over more notes on the Punic wars, and how the Romans pretty much won all three, and went out with a bang on the last one and crushed their city.

Rome Notes

There are 3 Groups of people who settled in Rome, the Greek, Etruscan  and the Latins, and the Latins are the ones who came first. They made the city above a swamp that they drained out. "Tarquin the Proud" was the king and his son raped a women and the men didn't defend her, but finally when the woman committed suicide  the people realized how bad he was and over threw him and ran him out of town. The Romans formed a combination of Democracy, Aristrocy, and monarchy. They had a senate made up of rich people who had a lot of say in the government anyway. The government pretty much empowered the pleibians. The Roman legion was the best roman fighters and it was with about 4,000 people. within that 4,000 about 80 guys were known as the century, and they were mobile fighters. The Calvary was a group of men on horseback. There were 3 Punic wars all between Carthage and Rome. They both wanted to claim Sicily. The Romans only owned half, until the fought for the whole thing and then won it all.

Video

Today me and my partner started to make our video, it is not going along so well, and it is a lot more difficult than we thought. We had to download new software and everything but overall we are getting it along more and more. We will be working on it tomorrow in class, and will hopefully begin to finish what we have started.

LO2 notes

The Romans were very generous when they defeated people and they were enemies. The Romans tightened their control over the Italian peninsula by creating a network of colonies of settlers from Rome. Roman forces increased in strength and striking power in step with their conquests. In time, allies began to demand full interrogation with Rome.The Punic Wars were waged on land and sea in three vicious rounds between 264 and 146 B.C. Fearing Carthaginian revival Rome provoked a third war and in 146 B.C. Carthage was captured after bitter fighting.  The former possessions of Carthage in Sicily, Spain, and Africa became the first Roman provinces. Rome gained a stronghold on the people around them as well. Around 200 B.C. ambassadors from various Greek- city states appealed to Rome for aid in resisting the king of Macedonia who had been allied with Carthage. A proletarian was in ancient Rome, a property-less but voting citizen.

 My link for the Pixton is posted below and my partner was Mikenzhie:

http://Pixton.com/ic:1kjyyvxm

Rap and more notes!

Today Mr. Schick rapped for us and we all took videos of it! IT WAS AMAZING AND HAD EVERYONE LAUGHING. I thought it was cool and it will defiantly stick with all of us.
More notes:

• You can be rich and still be a plebeian, the difference is you don't have the influence or connection. You could become a patrician by maybe marrying into it. 
• You were either one or the other and most of the time you were born into it. 
• Consul was the senate in its original form. the Senate had 300 people in it. Among the 300 were two Consul who were more powerful than the rest. They were in charge of military and ran everything. After Tarquin they did not want to see only one person with all the power. The reason they had two people was so that each of the consul had veto power on the other. They could either both agree but one could say no and it would not happen. 
• It was bad though because they do not want one to get super powerful. Consul serve for one year a piece but then wouldn't be able to run again for another 10 years. 
• Rome might every once and a while have an emergency and then they would name a dictator, one person, who doesn't need to consult that could act on the matter quickly, and the dictator was only there for 6 months. 
• The patricians had a lot of power in the government. The plebeians did not have any legal written protection.
• The 12 Tables: set of laws that were written down and posted publicly of the laws of the land in Rome. It described what rights people had if someone committed a crime against them.
• This gave them some sort of protection against patricians.
•  around 450 B.C. the tables were written.
• The plebeians then got their own branch of government, and could make suggestions.
• They had their own consuls and farmers started to elect tributes.
• It gave them the right to veto laws against the Senate.

The facts the teacher thinks are important

Today we got back our test and I got an 88. I think I did well, but now we are moving onto Rome, and these are some notes the teacher thinks are important.

• The Romans loved the way the Greeks did things, and improved on it. They had the golden age, build Parthenon, had good warfare, etc. 
• Italy could raise more food and have more people, because their land was not as mountainous.
• The first people that settled on the Roman peninsula was the Latins, settled at mouth of Ti-bra River. The Romans thought they were put their to rule over the earth, and the gods put them their for their destiny.
• three groups or people settled their, Latins, Etruscans, Greeks. 
• Latins first learned their alphabet and learned their knowledge of Greek letters originally. As well as gods. 
• Patricians are the aristocrats  the ones with the money and power handed to them from parents, has same root word of father. Upper class citizens. 
• Plebeians were everyone else in the society that was lower down, still had money sometimes but slightly inferior. 
• The Senate: ran the peoples business. The Patricians were in the Senate. Sensex meant old man, and that was the original root word. If the king died his successor was chosen by the Senate, didn't always have to be his son. 
• Around 500 BC monarchy was abolished. Tarquin the Proud was the LAST king of Rome. It was all his fault, they overthrew the government because he was harsh, crushed people, and ruled with "an iron fist".  He finally got thrown out of power because Tarquin sons attacked a women and raped her, that the was thing that caused him to be overthrown. 
• Peoples business  that's what they referred their government too. Latin is res publica (where the word republic comes from)

Notes on Rome Lo1

Today we had a test and I think I did fairly okay. We are now moving onto Rome and these are my notes for Lo 1 city state and Empire of the roman republic.


The Romans imitated the Greek civilization and also improved it as the copied it. They formed tribal groups. The Greek city states had begun to plant colonies in southern Italy as early as eighth century B.C. Romans acquired the skills that enabled them to build their unique political institutions. Patricians means men or fathers. The Romans had a Republic and Republic is a system of city-state government in which decision making power was shared between the Senate and assemblies of male citizens. Plebeians was the Roman common people including workers and farmers. The Romans had a Senate as well and it was an government assembly appointed by the king. the consuls was two senators who led the government and military for one year. The dictator in the Roman republic was a single leader with full decision making powers appointed with a maximum of six months.The tribunes was magistrates elected by the plebeians who eventually gained power and initiated the veto laws. A client was a person who provides personal services in the return for money and protection from a patron. Now a patron is a wealthy person who supports others with money and protection in exchange for personal services. A pontiff in ancient Rome is one of the Republics leading priests. The Romans judged themselves according to values. They had a value which was a belief that notably even more than one government systems, the communities survival and prosperity depended on a god or goddess who was thought to take a particular interest it its destiny. Paterfamilias was "family father" in ancient Rome who had unlimited power over its household. A matron was the title of honor given to a married woman in ancient Rome. Another value included the belief that it was the right and duty of the men of the community to fight its wars, and hence also to share in its government. The men would take it for granted that the women of Rome had no right or duty to share in politics and government, and that women needed guardians for all legal transactions because of their "light-mindedness."

Spring break

Today I missed class because I took a 7 hour car ride down to North Carolina for spring break! It was fun and I will be getting all the notes that were taken in class from a friend!

Invasion of India and military life

Alexander went to India in 327 B.C. And he invaded Punjab in 326. His army met Indians at Porus, and one of his battles against the Indians his horse that he rode into every battle died. Indians fought with elephants. He named the city he conquered after his horse who died in battle. Once the Maceidonias realized the Indians had a good army and fought with elephants they revolted and coenus talked Alexander into going home and not attacking. At battle of Malli Alexander got injured in the shoulder. After Alexander died his empire remained under his rule for 200-300 years later. Hellenistic era was to spread language culture and population with Persians . I will not be in school tomorrow so I will not be able to blog, but I am out because I will leaving for spring break early and won't have my laptop !

King Phillip 2

• Born at pelia of Macedon
• youngest son of King Amyntas 2
• held hostage @ Thesbe- learned military skills & deplomatic info
• King of Macedon 359 BC- 336 BC
• assinated @ a wedding

Olympias

• originally a princess
• arranged marriage with King Phillip 2
• gave birth to Alexander
• divorced Phillip
• ordered Eurydice to kill Phillip 3 (king Phillip 2 son) to ensure Alexander got the throne
• claimed Zeus was Alexander's father

Alexander's Birth

• born in Pella region of Macedonia on September 20, 350 BC
• didn't see his father much as a child because King Phillip was with the military and affairs
• resented his father bc he was gone so much
• Olympia was a powerful role model

Bucephalus

• 344 BC- dealer from Tessalia offered a large, black horse to King Phillip
• Horse seemed unable to be tamed- King Phillip didn't want it
• Alexander wanted the horse and tried to tame it- he realised the horse was afraid of its shadow and tamed it
• King Phillip said about his ability "O my son, look thee out a kingdom equal and worthy of thyself, for Macedonia is too little for thee"

Education

• tutored by Leonidas- taught Math, Horsemanship, & Archery
• Alex was a rebellious student with relentless attention
• tutored by Lysimachus- used role play to teach
• 343 BC- tutored by Aristotle @ Temple of the Nymphs at Meiza (13 years old)- taught Philosophy, Drama, Science, Poetry, and Politics
• education ended at Meiza in 340 BC

Phillip's Assination

• Oct 336 BC in Aegea
• killed by his body guard- Pausanias of Oretis
• Reason unknown- possibilities include: Persians payed him off or Pausanias had relations with him then Phillip cheated on Pausania
• Alex had Pausania's body crucified

Family Relationship

• tension
• Alexander's step mom (Cleopatra)'s uncle told Alex he wasn't worthy of the throne

Alexander takes Power

• people doubted him because he was young
• people who doubted him were killed

Military Career 

• fought vs Persians bc he thought they might have been involved in his father's assassination
• 334 BC: fought NW Asia Minor (Battle of the Granicus River)
• 334 BC- siege of Halicarnassus 
• conquered Egypt @ Gaza
• Egyptains called Alexander a Pharaoh

Invasion of Egypt

• 327 BC- Punjab
• Indians fought with elephants
• Bucephalus died- named a city after him
• won & captured Porus

Revolt of Alex's Army

• revolted bc India had elephants & soldiers wanted to see their family
• Alex allowed them to return
• took Hydaspes & Indus river's home- fought Malion on their way 
• many died on the journey home bc of the Gerdosian desert

Death

• June 10/11 323 BC- 32 years old @ palace of Nebuchadnezzar 2 in Babylon
• reasons a mystery, possibilities: poison (by Aristotle or his son, Iollas), malaria, alcohol poisoning  
• people refused to believe he died

His Power/Rule

• empire was the largest of its time
• remained under Macondian rule for 200-300 years after Alex's death
• Alex encouraged people (Macedonian men) to marry Persian woman to maintain peace 
• tried to combine Greek and Persian cultures
• the passing of the ring symbolized the passing of power

Alexander the Great notes

King Phillip was born in Pella of Macedona, and he was king from 359 B.C. until assassinated in 336 B.C. Olympias was a princess married to King Phillip and her original name was Myrtale. She had Alexander but king Phillip married another women and had a son with her, and Olympias had a lot of power so she had that women and her son killed to insure that Alexander would be the next king. She also claimed her son was the son of Zeus. Alexander the great was also born in the Pella region of Maceidona on Sep 20th 350 B.C. he resented his father because he barely saw him and had a very good relationship with his mother. Bucephalus was a horse that seemed untamable, so Alexander took it in, realized it just afraid of its own shadow so he was able to tame it, he rode that horse into all of his battles until it was killed in battle. That was "his" horse he always had. He was tutored by Leonidas and was taught math, horsemanship  and archery. Also tutored by Lysimachus. at 343 B.C. he was tutored by Aristotle and over three years he taught him philosophic  drama, science, poetry, and politics. King Phillip was assianated in Aegea by Pausanians. Alexander had him crucified for revenge. Alexander had a lot of tension in his family, his father married Cleopatra. When his father died he came into power and a lot of people doubted him. he had all of his doubters killed. He restored all the places his father conquered and then moved on to his own conquest. He battled the Persians for his father. Granicus River in 335 B.C. and then he crossed the Hellespont into Asia in 334 B.C. Alexander won many battles fighting on the river. Siege of Halicarnassus was fought in 334 B.C. He conquered Egypt at Gaza.

Tutored by Aristotle, his father was King Phillip II. His horse was Bucephalus. it means oxes head. battle of helenicarcus. A battle in the Persian war,  lead by Darius III, the battle where Darius ran was Galcolmael.
the battle where Alexander almost died and his horse died in India was .
His death was at 32. They think he was poisoned by wine. Also might have been malaria.
His ruling style was to encourage Macedonia men to marry Persian women. He tried to combine the cultures called Hellenistic era.

Powerpoint Asssigment

Today we got assigned one last project before the third quarter ends. Tona and I are partners and we started and finished it for homework. We would be ready to present tomorrow if we could but we do not have class. We had to work about the death of Alexander the Great. I think we had some pretty important information I need to copy and paste over to my blog to study in case of future test. I liked this last project and I am excited to present in class.

Tuesday

Today we read some chapter in our books, and then we had class discussion about Alexander the Great and the Macedonian king. he was very young when he died about the same age as my older brother and that is weird to think. I'm excited to learn more about the Greeks and their empire under Alexander the Great.

Chapter 5

Hellenistic is an era in which theirs was the leading international culture but their way of life was also influenced by the peoples they ruled. Period of greek history between Alexander the Great and the Maceodonian king.
This is Macedonia

The Athenians lost the Peloponnesian War because firstly overall Spartians had a better Army then the Athens. They would train their young boys from a very very young age to fight when they are older. They made them believe that they were to do nothing with their lives but defend their city and fight. The Athenians just were not as strong as the Spartans. The geography was a disadvantage and the war was fought over water on most of it, and the Athenians did have a better navy but overall their strategics sand warriors were not as advanced or "ready" as the Spartans warriors are. The spartan army completely defeated the Athenian army and the Athenians used their navy to guard but it was pointless by then. The Athenians just did not have the same kind of fighting skills as the Spartans and they were not as tough, thus they lost the war and had to go under control of an oligarchy because of Sparta. But since Sparta lost so many men as well the Athenian people eventually went back to a democracy because the Spartans couldn't stop them, so they finally got back their independence. They had poor leadership. They were took cocky since they beat the Persians twice so they had an act of Hubris. Natural disaster and they didn't gather as many allies. They should not have gone for Sparta anyway. With help from Persia, Sparta got a huge navy.

In 359 B.C. Maceodina came under the rule of King Philip II, a ruler of broad vision who was determined to gain control of the city-states and to lead the Greeks and Macedonians in the united force against the weakening empire of Persia. He strengthed his army by adopting Greek phalanx tactics, improving weapons of his hoplites, and building up a stronger cavalry force than any city state possessed. He used his newly won power wisely, letting the Greek city states govern themselves so long as they installed oligarches and acted as loyal allies. Phillip now at the head of a powerful alliance , vowed to avenge the insults and injuries inflicted on Greek temples and sancturies by the invading Persians more than a century before. But as he stood in the very blink of fulfillment he was assassinated in 336 B.C. His son Alexandra III only twenty years old, succeeded him, and proceeded to carry out his fathers grand design. (pg 82) (West Civ Book)

Friday

On friday we just went over all the tests and part of the study guide. We will be having a test on Monday and it is open blog and Im excited to see how I do because I think I have been getting pretty good notes down for my blog from the class video!

Tuesday notes

Socrates was a dirty man and cared nothing about his appearance and was only interested in the mind of a person. He was the leader of the revolution of learning. He spent his days talking and debating the people he would see on the streets. He said that "unexammened life is not worth living" That you need to think about your life and your reason on the plant and why things happen. Pericles had an act of Hubris and he wanted to conquer the Spartans and he attacked them. The Spartans came back and invaded Athens and invaded their area and burned down their crops and fields. The Athenian Naval ships brought back and plague and since everyone was crammed behind a wall it spread very quickly. The plague killed over a third of the Athenian people. The plague spread to Pericles and after six months of him having it, in 429 B.C. he died. The Athenian people lost the Peloponneseian war to the Spartans and once they lost they looked for someone to blame. The only person they could blame for questioning their way of life and criticizer them was Socrates so he was arrested for unmanning state religion and corruption of the youth.

Monday Notes with Review

483 B.C. the Athenians discovered silver in the town and they wanted to divide it amoung themselves. Cleisthenes wanted too use the money for the ships, but he knew it would be difficult to win. They built 200 tyrenes for the naval force. Darius died in 486 BC and his son Xerxes took over. He wanted to burn Athens to the ground, so he gathered all his troops from all over and the rumors spread to Athens that the Persians were coming over for war. Athenians turned to the Gods and sent someone to the oracle. Cleisthenes plan was to avoid conflict on land and fight in the water. Xerxes force entered Athens and burned the acropolis and temples to the ground. Cliesthenes sent his servant to Xerxes to make it look like he was betraying the Greeks and he told Xerxes that the Greeks were going to flea and the only way to attack them was in Straights of Salamis. The Persians went to that area of the water and got defeated by the Greeks again and the Persians lost 200 ships. Athens could now build an empire and they were head of the navy. In 450 the Delieah League had become Athens empire and that is an organized bunch of city states all chipping in money. Cliesthenes ended up getting ostracized because they took him as a threat and thought he would go to be the dictator and he ended up dying in the Persian land. Pericles was leader of Athens at its climax. Pericles knew the people wanted an empire, so he proposed to make a Parthenon. It was extremely expensive and it took 15 years to build, it was a glorious symbol of the Greeks of Athens. Twice a year Athenian people would gather at a theater to watch comedies and tragedy's  An example is Ascapascha was known as an escort and she "hung out" with Pericles but she was extremely educated and Pericles treated her as an equal. An example of a tragedy play was Oedipis and it was written about a king that was told when he was a young boy he would kill his father and marry his mother, and it ended up all being true, and he couldnt stand the look on peoples faces when they found out he married his mother so he gouged his eyeballs out. Hubris is a greek term used to describe people in power who are arrogant and they feel like they can do whatever they want.

Movie

Today we had a sub and just watched some of the movie. My notes about it and more of the movie will be up on Monday night because they are in my notebook which is in my school locker. Overall we just watched the part about the Persians coming back for more war but the Greeks narrowed them in the water and won that battle as well. They were the head of the Navy supposedly after that war. The acropolis was burned though because the Persians first took them by land. Xerxes became ruler of the Persians after his father died (Darius). The Parthenon then came into the Greeks ideas and it took them 15 years to build it, but once it was built all the criticizer about it ended. People loved it and would go their and be amazed. It is still standing today and people go to just look at it and take pictures.

More Movie

The common man would gather every 9 days to discuss future issues. 490 B.C. is when Phidipippies ran his Marathon. In early 5th century B.C. the Perisan empire was the most powerful. Perians lived in Tyranny and Darius was the king. Greeks emphasize freedom and persians emphasize obedience. Persians went to Marathon in Greece and Athens heard and all men went to go fight. hoplites were the trained warriors. Phidippies had to run to Sparta to ask for help in this war and Sparta denied him. He ran 140 miles in two days. The Greeks won the  battle of Marathon and the Persians scattered. they slaughtered 6000 Persians in one day. Themistocles was an Athenian general and showed himself to be one of the greatest leaders. He provided the point that next time they fight the Persians they may not win so easily. He came up with the idea of a strong ship which stacked 170 men on 3 levels. 

Notes

Pisistricis used taxes to rule and introduced free land and farming. He first recognized that you have more power if you satisfy the people instead of just high class rich people. Eastern Med. was the greatest marketing place. The vase was Athens first artistic legacy. Potters worked in the same area prostitutes worked. Potters were on a low social scale. 527 B.C. Pisistratus died and his son took over. (Hippiass) His brother was killed and he became angry and bitter and started to become an unreasonable ruler. Clisthenes was now one of the most powerful rulers. Olympics started in 776 B.C. The Olympic games were a chance for any guy no matter what social status to compete. Arete, was a chance of doing your best. Isagores was against Cleisthnes and wanted to gain power, so he went to Sparta for help and they ended up Ostracizing Cliesthnes. The Athens people rose up in a revolution. 508 B.C. MARKS THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY REGULAR PEOPLE REVOLVED AGAINST THEIR OWN GOVERNMENT. The Athenian people then turned to Cliesthnes to be in charge and rebuild their government. He had a spot carved out also known as an agora where the men would come an discuss ideas about the future and then vote. A white pebble meant yes and an black pebble meant no.

Notes

Socrates was apparently an ugly man and he had gross stinky feet. In 508 B.C. there was chaos in Athens and they were demanding freedom. Cleisthenes was brought up to be a ruler. He was one of the very few rich people who thought that people needed freedom so he set out for the Greek Empire. 570 B.C. Cheisthenes was born and he was born to be an aristocrat who were rich people with a lot of power money and land. Athens was in the middle of the Mediterrian sea and is a peninsula. The Athens town was built around the acropolis. There life expectancy was less than 15 years. Common Athenians lived under the rules of Aristocrats. Aristotle thought Athens was unfair and unjust. Greece was three fourths mountainous. It was divided into city-states, and Sparta was its own city-state, known for military and war. They lived in barraks, and the Spartan life was without comfort. Ancient tales and myths made there lives interesting. Homer wrote the Iliad and the Odessey. Physisticris showed up with a tall beautiful women and claimed she was the Goddesses Athena and that he should be ruler because Athena loves him and is looking over him. b

Study Guide Chapter 4

Test

Today we had a test, and it was open book. I think I did pretty well, but the score will let me know!

Study

Today I went through the outline and highlighted what I thought were some important facts in the book and studied them over again. I think I am ready to take the test on monday.

Chapter 3 outline

Today in class i downloaded this outline to study off of, and then took some class notes. All of them however are already in this outline.



Chapter 3 Outline

 

I. The European Barbarians (LO1)

            A. The Earliest Europeans

                        1. by 4000BC, farming and village life had spread throughout the                                               continent

                        2. by 3500BC, increased population and wealth led to complex religious                                     structures

                                   

            B. The Barbarian Way of Life

                        1. common way  of life as result of migrations of Indo-European nomads                                    (c.2500BC onward) from the steppes that bordered Europe on the east

                        2. languages

                                    a. ancestor languages of Greek and Latin

                        3. elites of warriors

                        4. farming and village life

                        5. In this way, Europe came to be inhabited by peoples who spoke mostly                                  Indo-European languages; who were skilled in farming, metalworking, trade, and warfare; and who were fairly well organized on the local level, but had no cities, written records, or fixed structures of government

                        6. c.2000BC-1000AD these barbarians came into contact with civilization

                        7. the first such European barbarian people to make contact with                                                 civilization were the Greeks - their civilization, the first to emerge in Europe, was the first to definitively be labeled “Western”

II. The Aegean Encounter (LO2)

            A. Minoan Civilization

                        1. c.2200BC a distinct civilization known as Minoan arose on the Aegean                                   island of Crete

                        2. Minoans drew wealth from control of the seas and trade with eastern                                     Mediterranean lands, especially Egypt

            B. The Arrival of the Greeks: Mycenaean Civilization

                        1. when the Greeks made their way to the Aegean, they seem to have been                     a European barbarian people much like any other

                        2. eventually they came under the influence of nearby Crete

                        3. by c.1600BC Greek chieftains had established settlements along the                                       mainland’s southern shore and on some islands

                        4. Mycenaean Greeks

                        5. struggles between Mycenaeans and Minoans for control of the                                                commerce of the eastern Mediterranean lasted until c.1400BC, with the                                           destruction of Minoan towns, perhaps as a result of Mycenaean conquest

                                   

            C. The “Dark Ages”

                        1. Mycenaean civilization lasted until shortly after 1200BC due to the conquest of the Sea Peoples

                        2. c.1150 BC Myceneae was sacked and all settlements deserted - in addition, the population dropped, and writing fell out of use

                        3. this led to the eclipse of civilization for almost 400 years, known as the                                   Dark Ages (1150 - 750 BC)

                        4. but the Greeks themselves survived and even expanded their territory

                                

            D. The Renewal of Greek Civilization

                        1. c.800 BC the Aegean region recovered

                        2. population expansion led to founding of colonies, c.800-600 BC

                        3. the Greeks joined the Phoenicians as the leading commercial and                                             seafaring nation of the Mediterranean

                        4. a common religion

                        5. new developments

                                    a. use of iron tools and weapons

                                    b. coined money

                                    c. borrowing of Phoenician shipbuilding and warfare techniques

                                    d. writing and the alphabet formed the Greek language

III. Citizens and Communities: The Greek City-States (LO3)

            A. City-States and Citizens

                        1. notion of citizenship seems to have originated partly in geography

                        2. hoplites: Greek infantrymen equipped with bronze helmets and armor,                                                   round shields, long spears, and short swords

                        3. city-state, citizens, tradition, and myth

            B. Monarchy, Oligarchy, Tyranny, Democracy

                        1. in the earliest times, communities were ruled by kings

                        2. monarchy then gave way to new forms of government that distributed                                    power more widely among male citizens

                                    a. oligarchy:  a minority of citizens dominated the government, and the                                                                     power of the majority was limited in various ways

                        3. but other city-states gave more power to the majority (particularly those               that developed into large commercial centers)

                                    a. in these city-states the common people were too numerous and                                              active to ignore,                                           

                                    b. in these cities, social conflicts sometimes led to the emergence                                                 of tyranny (rule by a dictator)

                                    c. but tyranny was often only a passing phase on the way to                                                         democracy (all government decisions were made by the majority                                          of male citizens)

                        4. although Greek city-states had many features in common, each was                                        individual in character

            C. Sparta: The Military Ideal

                        1. Spartans were descendants of Greeks who had conquered part of the                                      Southern mainland: Laconia

                        2. by 800BC they were a minority of landholders ruling over a majority of                                  helots (noncitizens forced to work for landholders)

                        3. Messenian helots, however, frequently rebelled

                                    a. this forced Spartans to accept a governmental system that put                                                  them under almost total domination by a few among themselves

                        4. by 500BC, policy decisions had been taken over by a council of elders

                        5. thus the Spartan government was a leading example of oligarchy

                        6. Spartan male life was dedicated entirely to the service of the state

                        7. the relative freedom of Spartan women aroused both admiration and                                      disapproval among other Greeks

                        8. to protect this way of life, Spartans tried to seal off their city-state from                                                 outside influences

            D. Athens: Freedom and Power

                        1. c.800BC many old-established communities in the Attica peninsula                                         merged to form a single city-state that was known by the name of the most                        important community: Athens

                        2. over the next 300 years, Athens grew to become the wealthiest and one                        of the most powerful city-states, largely as a result of overseas trade

                                    a. produced and exported wine and oil

                                    b. workshops produced weapons, pottery, and articles of silver,                                                    lead, and marble

                                    c. these were trade overseas for metal, timber, and grain

                        3. with a rising population and greater wealth came social and political                                        conflicts

                                    a. usually between aristocrats and increasingly numerous dēmos

                                    b. in conflicts with the aristocracy, the dēmos could generally find                                               aristocrats to lead them whom they respected and who wanted their                                    support

                        4. as a result, Athens passed through several stages of political growth,                                       beginning with monarchy and including both oligarchy and tyranny

                                    a. eventually political power was extended to all adult male                                                           citizens, with aristocrats becoming leaders instead of rulers

                        5. The Persian Wars

                                    a. in the sixth century BC, the Persians had conquered a realm that                                            stretched from the border of India to the Nile and the Aegean

                                    b. now the empire was within striking distance of the Greeks, and                                                Persia conquered the Greek city-states in western Asia Minor

                                    c. when Athens aided a rebellion by these city-states, Persian king                                             Darius sought to extend his empire into mainland Greece, c.494BC

                                    d. the Persians lost the decisive battle of Marathon in 490BC

                                    e. then in 480BC, the Athenian navy crushed the Persians at                                                       Salamis, and the Spartans faced the Persians on land at Thermopylae and            then at Platea

                        6. when final peace was made with Persia in 445 BC, Athens was the                                         controlling power of the Aegean Sea

                        7. after Persia’s defeat, Athenian democracy entered a “Golden Age”

                        8. the workings of democracy

                                    a. a Council of Five Hundred and roughly one thousand public                                                   officials were chosen annually by lot

                                    b. chief military officers, the Ten Generals, were chosen each year                                               by vote of the male citizens

                                    c. adult male citizens were a minority of the population of Athens

                                                i. the rest of the population was composed of adult female                                                           citizens, adult noncitizens, and children

                                                ii. adult male citizens probably made up no more than one-                                                           fifth of the total adult population

                                                iii. the remaining four-fifths had no say in government

                        9. men and women in  Athens

                                    a. women were highly visible in religious affairs

                                    b. not much is known of women’s life lower down the social scale                                               or outside the city

                        10. slaves

                                    a. were a diverse group; not all of them lived lives of total                                                               subjection and powerlessness

                                    b. most slaves were non-Greeks, or the descendants of non-Greeks