Review Notes

Today we went over the same slideshow we did yesterday. I took all my notes yesterday and wrote them all down. The ones I put down already were the ones Mr. Schick said would be on the test. I have to read over my notes and review them a couple times and really try to understand it, and I think I will be ready for this test.

• Feudalism

 -a term used by historians to describe the governmental system and the relationships between landowners and warriors
-warriors also known as knights, would pledge his allegiance to the lord, who would in turn give that knight land
-The lord grants a fief(property) to the knight who would then become the lords "vassal"(servant) this was called the "feudal compact"

• Homeage and Knighthood

-the vassal would have to pay Homeage this meant kneeling down an taking the lords hand in his while speaking an oath of loyalty
-when knight died his fief reverts to his son, though if the son was underage or if it was a girl, the lord would get the land

• The Feudalization of the church

-Some of the clergy (priests) were known to fight as knights themselves
Feudal States
-Barons were lords to large areas of land
-In countries like France and England, the kings built up enough land and power to rule effectively over their barons
-In the case of France, the kings of England were vassals of the French King, their fiefs included Gascony, Aquitaine, and Normandy

• The Manorial Estate

-The medieval society was divided into three "estates" the clergy, the nobility, and the common people
-Usually the peasantry farmed and large plantations known as "manors" which were owned by a lord or lady of the nobility (or member of a clergy)
-Iron plows and water-powered grinding mills helped with agricultural production, but the yield was still minuscule by today's standards

• The People of the Manor

- The lady of the house ran the household operations, oversaw servants, entertained guests and ran the manor when her husband was away
-most peasants were serfs, meaning they were bound to the land and to their lords for "labor service" a few days each week

• The Location and appearance of towns

-Most medieval towns were surrounded by fortified walls
-residences also sprang up outside the walls in the suburbs
-towns were dominated by a main church and central marketplace
-buildings for the craft guilds and the wealthiest families would also be in the center of the town

• Life of townspeople

-Though the townspeople were free, unlike the serfs, they still had a hierarchy:merchants at the top, then skilled craftsmen and artisans, then unskilled laborers and apprentices

• The guilds

-Merchants, craftsmen and artisans formed their own groups called guilds which regulated their trade and protected its members

-craftsmen were classified as masters, journeymen, and apprentices

Sick

Today i was not in school because i didn't feel good, i will be texting mikhenize and getting all the notes I missed from her!

After Rome 500-700 AD

Germanic Kingdoms of Western Europe

The Germanic Barbarians
* barbarian warlords and their families who assimilated into Roman culture became the "nobles" or aristocrats of medieval Europe
*Germanic tribes who ruled former Roman lands sought to conquer and assimilate other barbarian peoples who lived  beyond the frontiers and were still pagans
more Germanic Kingdoms...
*The angles and Saxons (from Denmark and northwestern Germany) invaded Britain and assimilated the native Britons
*Most of the Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity in the seventh century
*The most powerful Germanic tribe was the Franks
*but the real power lay with the "mayors of the palace" who were royal officials and nobles themselves

Meanwhile back in the Eastern Europe...
From "eastern empire" to "Byzantium"
*The Eastern Roman Empire continued on while the west was now divided up by the barbarian tribes
*When the emperor Justinian came to power in 527 he decided to reunite the entire Roman Empire by reconquering the western territories
*Justinian succeeded for a time, but the land he re-took was soon conquered by new barbarian tries and massive plague

Its a christian empire now
*Greek Byzantine emperors saw themselves as Roman emperors and the heads of the Christian Church
*Byzantines preserved Greco-Roman art, architecture, philosophy, and writing despite much of it being non-christian
*Justinian built the massive domed Hagia Sophia ("Holy Wisdom") in Constantinople considered to be the most glorious church on the earth at the time

Rome Fades Away

*The last two Emperors were Diocletian and Constantine under Diocletian it was okay to persecute Christians and 400,000 army and 20,000 officials and then under Constantine it was okay to be a Christian
*Constantine built a new capital in the east another name was "Byzantium", soon to be known as Constantinople
*Life in the fourth century (stuggle for peasants)

• - country dwellers are getting bankrupted for endless tax collection
• - new farming system; peasants work for elite landlords on large farms
• - peasants can avoid paying taxes, but they are getting just as hard by the landlords
• -paying off debts and being "allowed" to live on the land, in exchange for endless back-breaking work(such a deal)
• - landowners hold local power as counts and bishops, wielding more power than faraway empire
• -foreshadowing feudalism

*The western Empire crumbles

• -Romes power is decreasing, while nomadic barbarians gain power
• -Western Empire is too poor, beings to be neglected
• -Huns migrate from China to eastern Europe
• -Visigoths take over Spain, and actually capture and loot Rome itself in 410
• -Vandals control Carthage and western Mediterranean

Other barbarian tribes

• -Ostrogoths in Italy
• -Franks in Gual
• -Angles and Saxons in Britian

End of Era

From the beginnings....

500 BC-the monarchy is established

450 BC- The Twelve Tables are established

Through the glory days....

44 BC- end of the line for Julius Caesar

27 BC- 180 AD- The roman peace (Pax Romana)

To the bitter end....

Constant fifth century invasions by barbarian tribes left the western Roman Empire shattered and crumbling

The last emperor was a teenager boy installed in 475 by his father

Barbarians disposed Romulus Augustulus without bothering to kill him

Europe takes shape

*By 700 A.D. the kingdom of the Franks, once the most powerful state in western Europe, was seemingly falling apart. It was divided among rival kings of the Merovingian dynasty, each controlled by a "mayor of the palace" or head of the royal household
* Carolingian- Frankish dynasty founded by Charles Martel in the eighth century, as successors to the Merovingian
* Not long after Charles took power, he faced a historic challenge- and historic opportunity  when Arab invaders from Spain took over some of the kingdoms southern borderlands.
* Charlemagne- Descendant of Frankish barbarian invaders, warrior against heathens and Muslims, and holder of the revived office emperor, Charlemagne personified the merging of Germanic Christian, and Roman elements in the western European civilization.
*His hardest campaigns which some lasted thirty years, were against the Saxons.
*In the far south he hat attacked the nomadic nation of the A vars who had invaded central and eastern Europe in the sixth century
*As a christian ruler, he helped to strengthen the leadership of the Church and extend its activities
*He governed in local officials called counts- which was a local official who represented the crown in a given region presiding over the local court collecting fines, in the time of war, calling out warriors of the country.
*Some groups were separated and then lead by a duke- a royal official in charge of several counties came to be a hereditary title.
*Charlemagne made his capital at Aachen which was surrounded by a productive crown lands in the heart of the ancient Frankish territories.
*His palace chapel was the first important stone building to be made north of the Alps after the fall of Rome  it itself indicates the slow recovery of the West.
*Charlemagne was also concerned over the low level of education and scholarship in his realm and issued a decree instructing bishops and abbots to improve the training of clergy.
*The most dramatic eve of Charlemagne's rule was his coronation as "Charles Augustus, Emperor of the Romans" this event took place on Christmas day.

test tomorrow

Today we made up questions that would go on a test and Kenz and I wrote really bad questions on word. But we also copied as we went along to what everyone was saying. I am going to review all my blogs with notes from class and make sure everything is right. Hopefully I bring my grade up too!

Notes on Class

Diocletian-
The edicts were burned scripture and stealing of things
Christians were allowed to go to court and argue about there lost things
the second edict in the summer or 303 he ordered arrest of the Bishop and he said he did it because the first edict wasn't working as quickly, and by that he means trying to remove Christianity wasn't happening as quickly as he thought.
The third one was November 20th  and any priests couldn't make a sacrifice
in 304 all people to father in a public place everyone had to make a sacrifice and if you didn't you would get executed. they are sacrificing to Jupiter.
what he did with his power was: the edicts ordered destruction of scriptures and forced them not to go to worship
they striped a christian, whipped him till bleeding, vinegar and an then boiled alive because he was an innocent christian
they were torturing people in plain site and it was all ordered by an emperor.

This is why it was such a big deal of what Constantine did:

Constantine-
His dad didn't enforce the edicts and were both against persecution of Christians
He returned the churches and property to the christian
He was first roman empire to transfer to Christianity
He said everyone had to be treated equally
He made a law so that Jews couldn't have christian slaves
The event that made Constantine not persecute the Christians was that he genially believed the dogma Christianity which is a statement of belief, before a large battle he turned to god to help him and he had a vision of a cross above the sun with it saying "conquer by this" engraved across the sun, his mother was also a christian and he knew the roman gods have let him down before and same with the oracle
The soldiers saw it too, so they all got together an painted a cross on their shields and prayed and then went into battle and won
He went on to tell that the "christian god helped them win that battle"

Edict of Mulan-
he had become a christian but it made any religion excepted, there was no official roman religion at this point
If you wanted to worship in your own way you could
The Jews couldn't have christian slaves, and if you had your land taken away, it got returned to you without paying for it
They rebuilt the churches and everything, they made an effort to give back and right their wrongs
an Edict: an official law or proclaimed handed down from the emperor.

struggles in roman empire after pax romana

In the third century AD
*epidemic disease spreads throughout the Empire
*its too hard to defend the frontier against the barbarians
*emperors began to lose their hold on power- stayed in power for an average of two and a half years, due to wars an assassination
*maintaining armies is expensive
*still to many poverty-stricken citizens
*284 AD-Diocletian reforms
*increase the size of the army to 400,000
is one third bigger during Augustus time
*recruit from the ranks of the barbarians
*divide Roman territories into smaller provinces
-this new government had 20,000 officials- ten times more than under Augustus rule
-they were more efficient at collecting high taxes- this greater yield provided for a larger army
300 AD:
- 60 million people in the Roman empire
-several million are Christians
-Christianity has quite an appeal to the poor an disenfranchised- and there are plenty of those
-more Christians are even gaining positions of power, becoming the ruling elite
-Diocletian ruled from 284-305 and left the Christians alone at first
-then he undertook the most systematic persecution of all
-Constantine ruled as emperor from 306-337
-The Roman empire still persecuted people because they are still in conflict with the official empire position.

Answers to questions:
What persecution did Diocletian take?
- About 3000-4000 Christians were killed and thousands more were tortured. he burned several chrurches to the ground
What did he do to change the Roman Empire?
- the structure of the roman imperial government and helped stabilize the empire ecinomicaly  and military enabling the empire to remain essentially intact for another hundred years despite being they being of collapsible in Diocletian youth

what was the connection with christianity with constatine?
-He ultimately gave Christianity political and social legitimacy in the Roman Empire, thus allowing the young religion to establish itself, obtain powerful patrons, and ultimately dominate the Western world.

How did he restructure the empire?
-he made Christianity the roman religion, a
-which united the Romans more than the attempts to unite under the pagan gods

1. -he changed the capital of the Greek city to Byzantium

Christianity in the Pax Romana

*it all begins with Jesus, and not much was written down about him except from in the Gospel
* he taught that one must strive for perfection since God was perfect, and Jesus sough out the imperfect society
* he was just a wandering teacher who set himself apart from other Messiahs
*his followers believed he was the Messiah and came to end the world and bring the truly faithful into the kingdom of God.
*he was both man and son of God
*Jesus was deemed a threat to Roman rule an was crucified though his followers believed he rose from the dead and ascended to heaven
*The followers of Jesus who attempted to spread the word of his teachings were known as apostles
*Paul of Tarsus was a Jew who came a follower of Jesus after a miraculous vision on the road to Damascus
*Paul talked of "predestination" which meant that God chose who was to be saved and who was to be dammed
*Paul was well-traveled, he helped found churches in many places, and he kept in touch with these new Christians by letters (Corinth, Thessalonia, Rome, Ephesus)
*

Test and Notes

Today we took a test and I did not know that we were going to be having one, but I looked over the notes and the powerpoint last mintue and it actally helped me a lot because it was easier to remember real quickly then having to go over and over it for a whole weekend. Our new assignment is to read LO2 on Christianity in the Era of Roman peace. So far in the first paragraph or second it pretty much says that in the time of A.D. 70 Jesus lived and taught his ministry. Most likely the gospel writers retold stories about Jesus that they found in earilr documents, or had come down to them by word of mouth. They never put down any specific details about Jesus life and he had some brief years when he was wandering preaching in Judaea. They needed to put down some details to show Jesus in two roles: as teacher explaining Gods purposes and as Messiah sent by God.
The Teacher Role: The teachings about this time showed that Jesus had much more in common with the actual teachers of the time. Jesus would follow the law like the rest of the people, but like Pharisees too, he appealed to a long-standing Jewish tradition of warning that true righteousness meant more than just obeying the strict ritual commands of the Law. Jesus taught that even the most faithful righteousness according to the Law fell far short of what was necessary to please God. Exactly because of this Jesus made a point of associating with people whom sticklers for the Law thought of as a highly displeasing to God- "prostitution and tax collectors, and sinners." For Jesus biggest difference with the Pharisees  as the gospel describes it, was that, like the radical Jewish groups, he proclaimed that the "Kingdom of God has come near"- in fact that with himself it had already arrived.
The Messiah Role: Jesus had not come to deliver just the Jews, but to fulfill the traditional prophecy that the whole human race will turn to the one God. He will redeem his people, Jew and Gentile, not as a warrior king but as a victim by offering himself for one of the traditional purposes of sacrifice  to reconcile sinful humans with the divine power that they displeased. In the gospels he seems to be saying that he is both human and divine, that he and God are somehow different but yet the same. For the followers the age of the Messiah had already begun when the Gentiles would finally turn to the God of Israel  and they saw themselves as the Messiahs apostles sent out by him to fulfill his command "Go into all the world and proclaim the good news to the whole creation."

Within the earliest churches there was no real structure of authority and power. Alongside these "house churches" leaders however there was room for many other who claimed special "gifts" from the Holy Spirit such was prophets who gave guidance directly from God and deacons from the Greek servants who organized festivities and helped the poor and sick. After Paul died and was probably beheaded for being a Jewish troublemaker his vision of "all in one of Christ Jesus" started to fade away. For Christians the human race was now divided into three groups: The Jews, Gods former chosen people, The Gentiles, a word that christian still often used to describe worshipers of the Gods and Goddesses and themselves who were Gentiles no longer but Gods new chosen people.

Today

Today me and my partner worked on our essay. We are already at 630 words and almost done. We will put it on a google docx after school so that we can both work on it this weekend and finish it. I will print it Monday morning before class and then we will be done!

Sick

Today I didn't come to school because I wasn't feeling well this morning when i woke up. I will be getting the notes I missed from McKenzie when i get back!